“Narendra Modi is the ultimate outsider in Delhi’s political circles, just as Trump positioned himself against the entrenched political class in Washington.”
The political journeys of India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi and former US President Donald Trump reveal remarkable similarities in their speeches, leadership styles and governance strategies, particularly in their approach to governance, nationalism and their relationship with their respective electorates. While their contexts differ, their populist appeals, approach to nationalism and ways of engaging with supporters underline significant similarities.
The political trajectories of Narendra Modi and Donald Trump are often compared because of their remarkable similarities in leadership style, policy focus and public appeal. Here is a detailed look at their political similarities
1–Rise through Populism**
– Both leaders emerged as populist disruptors challenging the established political elite. Modi’s rise in Indian politics was characterised by him being a self-made leader who triumphed over adversity, while Trump portrayed himself as an anti-establishment billionaire fighting the Washington swamp.
Modi and Trump rose to power by positioning themselves as champions of the common people against the established political elite. Modi, who began his career as a tea seller, often emphasises his humble origins, saying he understands the aspirations of the lower and middle classes. Similarly, Trump has portrayed himself as a billionaire outsider fighting against the political establishment in Washington, DC, vowing to “drain the swamp” after his election.
Both leaders have a populist appeal, connecting with the common man through their rhetoric and policies. Modi’s initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and Jan Dhan Yojana are aimed at uplifting the lower and middle class, while Trump’s tax cuts and deregulation efforts were designed to benefit American workers and businesses.
– Modi leveraged his story of being a “chaiwala” who rose through the ranks through sheer determination, while Trump branded himself as a successful businessman who could “make America great again.
Both leaders have successfully harnessed a populist narrative, emphasizing national pride, economic self-sufficiency, and a focus on traditional values. This has resonated deeply with their respective bases, leading to robust and loyal support.
2–Economic Populaism and Nationalism**
Economic Cooperation and Trade Talks: Mutual Benefits in Trade: Trump’s “America First” policy led to negotiations on trade deals that sought to balance trade deficits with major partners, including India. Modi, too, pushed for favorable terms in trade agreements to boost India’s economic standing.
Example: In 2020, the U.S. and India engaged in negotiations to reach a “mini” trade deal that aimed to address tariff issues and market access. Although a comprehensive agreement wasn’t finalized, the negotiations underscored the importance both leaders placed on improving economic ties between the two countries.
Economically, both leaders advocate for policies that favor business and economic nationalism. Modi has implemented reforms aimed at boosting Indian entrepreneurship, such as lowering corporate tax rates, which he describes as essential for wealth creation. Trump similarly campaigned on promises to cut taxes and reduce government size to stimulate economic growth. Their shared focus on economic development is evident in their approaches: while Modi promotes initiatives like “Make in India,” Trump emphasizes job creation through deregulation and tax cuts.
Modi and Trump have focused on economic nationalism. Modi’s policies aim to boost domestic manufacturing and reduce dependency on imports, while Trump’s tariffs on Chinese goods were intended to protect American industries. Both leaders have faced criticism for their protectionist measures.
Economic Policies Favoring Domestic Production:
Trump: He championed tariffs on Chinese goods and pushed for renegotiated trade deals like USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) to prioritize American industries.
Modi: Modi’s government promoted the “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (Self-Reliant India) campaign, aiming to boost domestic manufacturing and reduce dependency on foreign imports.
Example: Modi’s policy shifts towards economic nationalism saw a rise in Indian manufacturing sectors, similar to Trump’s attempts to revive American industries by cutting taxes and deregulating businesses.
In the last ten years, New Delhi has gained an important position in global politics especially in economic terms as India is the fifth largest economy. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, India has also proved its leadership skills at the global level. The world is currently witnessing two wars; Israel-Hamas and Russia-Ukraine. Due to this, western countries, especially the US, have imposed economic sanctions on some countries which are not only affecting the US economy but the whole world. On the other hand, there is a trade war going on between the US and China. Therefore; to maintain the growth of the US, the Donald Trump administration would like to continue its upward trajectory with India in trade and other areas of cooperation.
Trump described Modi as his good friend in various election rallies. He also emphasized that he would protect Hindu human rights not only in the US but all over the world. Trump always advocated America and American first principles and its approach and if he is going to follow it as a policy then it may negatively affect India-US trade. The recent election campaign of Trump and his philosophy ‘MAGA’ (Make America Great Again) and Modi’s vision related to ‘Make in India’ and ‘Developed India’ may bring both opportunities and challenges for the trade relations between India and the US. But the respective cooperation and collaboration in this regard will be beneficial for both the countries. Overall, the way New Delhi has improved its global position in the recent past, it seems, India is going to become an indispensable economy for the world and especially for the US. There is also a huge possibility that if these two leaders are going to work together with each other then they can redefine the global disarray.
2–Strongman Image**
Charismatic and Authoritative Leadership: Both Trump and Modi have cultivated an image of strong, decisive leadership. They often present themselves as figures who challenge the political establishment, willing to make tough decisions for the nation’s benefit.
Example: Modi’s 2016 demonetization policy, which withdrew 86% of India’s cash from circulation overnight, was seen as a bold anti-corruption measure. Similarly, Trump’s approach to foreign policy, including the 2018 summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, demonstrated his willingness to take risks for perceived gains.
Modi and Trump project a strongman image, often taking decisive actions that resonate with their supporters. Modi’s decision to revoke Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir and Trump’s tough stance on immigration are examples of their assertive leadership styles.
3–Hardline Stance on Security**
– Security has been a cornerstone of both leaders’ platforms.
– Modi’s Balakot airstrikes against Pakistan following the Pulwama attack reflected his hardline stance on terrorism. Trump’s decisive actions, like the killing of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani, were similar displays of military strength.
– Both leaders frequently highlighted their commitment to national security during campaigns, framing their opponents as weak on defense.
Strategic Military and Security Cooperation:
Joint Efforts Against Terrorism: Both Trump and Modi have made national security a central theme. Trump’s administration increased defense spending and cracked down on immigration, emphasizing the need to combat terrorism and strengthen borders. Modi, similarly, adopted a firm stance against Pakistan-based terrorism, with significant events like the 2016 surgical strikes and the 2019 Balakot airstrike after the Pulwama attack.
Example: The U.S. and India conducted joint military exercises such as the “Malabar” naval exercises, showcasing a growing strategic alliance in the Indo-Pacific. This collaboration reflected their commitment to security, particularly in countering China’s influence in the region. Trump and Modi’s administrations worked closely to enhance defense cooperation, leading to significant arms deals like India’s purchase of U.S. Apache and Chinook helicopters.
4–Nationalism is a core principle**
“Both leaders have capitalized on a growing sense of reclaiming national pride in an increasingly globalized world.”
Both Modi and Trump espouse nationalistic ideologies, shaping their policies and public narratives around their respective countries’ interests.
Modi’s “Make in India” campaign ran parallel to Trump’s “America First” mantra. Both leaders emphasized local manufacturing, self-reliance, and reduced dependence on foreign powers.
Modi’s stance of protecting India’s sovereignty on global platforms resonates with Trump’s policies, including withdrawing from international agreements such as the Paris Climate Accord.
Nationalism is a cornerstone of both leaders’ political ideologies. Trump’s “America First” policy resonates with voters who feel left behind by globalization, while Modi’s emphasis on “Indianness” seeks to restore the Hindu way of life in India. Both leaders have been accused of polarizing their nations along religious or ethnic lines – Trump through his anti-immigrant rhetoric and Modi through his discriminatory policies toward Muslims. As one commentary puts it, “Both have displayed remarkable courage and tenacity in their political journeys… while remaining true to their ideological frameworks”.
5– Use of Social Media and Direct Communication **
Trump: Known for his prolific use of Twitter, Trump leveraged social media as a tool to bypass traditional media, speaking directly to his supporters. This allowed him to control the narrative, especially during times of controversy.
Modi: Similarly, Modi has been a master of social media, frequently engaging with his followers on platforms like Twitter and Facebook. His direct engagement with the public helped him maintain a personal connection with the electorate, often announcing policies and updates online before using traditional media channels.
Example: Both Trump and Modi held massive rallies, making use of their charismatic public speaking skills. Modi’s use of technology during his speeches—like holograms to reach multiple locations simultaneously in the 2014 campaign—echoed Trump’s massive, media-focused rallies that dominated news cycles.
“In an era of 24/7 news cycles, controlling the narrative is as important as policymaking for leaders like Trump and Modi.”
Both leaders have had contentious relationships with the media. Trump often criticised the mainstream media as “fake news”, while Modi has been accused of restricting press freedom in India. Despite this, both have effectively used social media to communicate directly with their supporters.
Both Modi and Trump extensively use social media platforms to communicate directly with their supporters to strengthen their public image, while often bypassing traditional media channels. Modi’s “Mann Ki Baat” radio broadcasts and Trump’s combative tweets are examples of how each leader shapes public discourse according to their own narratives. His reliance on social media has also led to allegations of fostering a culture of self-censorship among journalists critical of his administration
– Trump often calls the press “fake news”, while Modi avoids traditional press conferences, preferring curated interviews and direct social media engagement.
– His media strategies have helped him maintain control over his narratives and minimize negative coverage.
6–Populist Rhetoric and Simplistic Messaging**
– Modi and Trump’s speeches often appealed directly to the common man, focusing on aspirations and fears.
– Modi’s use of Hindi and local dialects during campaigns helped him connect with rural voters, while Trump’s simple, conversational language resonated with blue-collar Americans.
– Both used slogans effectively: Modi’s “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas” (Together with all, development for all) and Trump’s “Promises Made, Promises Kept” showcased their focus on inclusivity and delivering results.
7—Outreach to Diaspora and Stronger U.S.-India Ties**
Modi’s Indian Diaspora Engagement: Modi has actively cultivated relationships with the Indian diaspora, recognizing its political and economic influence in Western countries, particularly the U.S. The Indian-American community is one of the most affluent and politically active groups in the United States, which Modi has acknowledged through numerous outreach events.
Trump’s Support for U.S.-India Relations: Trump’s administration took notable steps to strengthen U.S.-India ties. This included the signing of key defense agreements and support for India’s regional security initiatives.
Example: Modi’s rally in Madison Square Garden in 2014 and the “Howdy, Modi!” event in 2019, where Trump was a guest of honor, were historic. These events highlighted how Modi leveraged the Indian-American diaspora’s influence, while Trump used these moments to strengthen his own outreach to Indian-American voters, a strategy that paid dividends in key battleground states.
– The cult-like following both leaders enjoy is a testament to their ability to inspire loyalty.
– Modi is often referred to as a “messiah” by his supporters, while Trump’s base remains fiercely loyal despite controversies.
– Public rallies serve as a cornerstone for their connection with the masses, with Modi’s “Howdy Modi” event in Houston and Trump’s massive campaign rallies standing as prime examples.
8–Charismatic Leadership and Personal Branding**
– Modi and Trump have relied heavily on their personal charisma and branding. Their political campaigns prominently featured their faces, slogans, and larger-than-life personas.
– Modi’s “Abki Baar Modi Sarkar” (This time, it’s Modi’s government) became a rallying cry in India, much like Trump’s “Make America Great Again.”
– Social media played a significant role for both, with Modi becoming one of the most followed politicians globally, and Trump mastering Twitter as a platform for direct communication.
– *Quote*: “In the age of social media, Modi and Trump have redefined political communication with their unfiltered, direct approach to supporters.”
9– Trump and Modi: the winning factor**
Trump faced numerous controversies like Russia Gate, 2020 election claims, treatment of illegal immigrants, allegations of sexual misconduct, and alleged tax evasion. His reformist approach and tense relationship with NATO allies; legal challenges, impeachment, and criticisms for imposing tariffs on China and renegotiating trade deals, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Despite these adversities, he has shown an ability to bounce back, securing the Republican nomination again, positioning himself as a dominant force, and winning in American politics by becoming the 47th President of the USA for the second time. Numerous assassinations attempt on Trump and his ability to “fight” the establishment and present an alternative to mainstream politics have augmented his political repute.
Modi’s relatively humble background to becoming the Chief Minister of Gujarat, and then the Prime Minister of India, is marked by overcoming numerous challenges, including early political setbacks and unfounded criticism like the Gujrat’s communal riots after the Godhra incident. His tenure as the Prime Minister has seen bold moves like revenge for the Pulwama attack, demonetisation, and the bold decision to abrogate Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, Citizenship Amendment Act, Construction of Ram Temple in Ayodhya, Criminalising Triple-Talaq, etc. decisions that have defined his leadership. Despite facing criticism and opposition, Modi’s persistence in pushing through his vision for India’s development, assertiveness, respect, and leadership on global platforms, combined with a strong economic policy and connection with voters, has helped him maintain his position at the forefront of national and world politics..
Modi and Trump have both challenged and overcame the stronghold of dynasty politics. Modi has specifically focused on dismantling the influence of the Gandhi family in India. Similarly, Trump has faced and defeated powerful political dynasties in the US including Bush, Clinton, Cheney, Obama and Biden families, along with the political establishment supporting figures like Kamala Harris.
Both leaders continue to pursue their goals in the face of adversity and leverage their political narratives to maintain relevance. Their courage to take bold, sometimes controversial actions, while staying true to their ideological frameworks, has solidified their places in history.
Despite popular belief, that Trump and Modi are unpredictable, both leaders have clear, consistent agendas of pro-peace “national interest first”, development, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations, making their policies and dealings relatively predictable. Hence it will be potentially easy to facilitate negotiation or compromise, as their goals and directions are often outlined in advance, making them more transparent compared to leaders with shifting foreign policies, interference in the internal affairs of other nations, and pro-war stances when it comes to defence and geopolitics.
However, relations between Trump 2.0 and Modi 3.0 might face nuanced adjustments due to shifting global scenarios as both leaders share a nationalist outlook, yet differing strategic priorities. Therefore, the relations between the two leaders are likely to need re-evaluation as few of the scholars are predicting that due to their nationalist credentials it will be difficult for India and US to have a balance in their relationship especially in terms of bilateral trade, H-1B Visa, security and defence cooperation, issues concerning international politics, etc.
In 2024, the United States and India, two of the world’s largest democracies, held general elections. Both elections presented voters with the choice of re-electing incumbent leaders amidst complex national, regional, and global challenges. The re-election of Donald Trump and Narendra Modi is anticipated to have significant global consequences, given their countries’ substantial influence on international trade, finance, security, social dynamics, and global power structures.
Despite their contrasting backgrounds—Trump’s history as a billionaire businessman and Modi’s humble entrepreneurial beginnings—both leaders successfully connected with their respective populations by addressing their economic interests, security concerns, and aspirations. Both leveraged their outsider status, effectively tapping into widespread feelings of frustration and aspiration among middle and lower classes. Their citizen-centric policies, exemplified by the implementation of multiple economic stimulus packages during the COVID-19 pandemic, focused on providing relief to their citizens. Both also adopted strong stances on border security and national security, promoting domestic manufacturing through import tariffs, and emphasizing real economic growth.
In terms of foreign policy, both Trump and Modi emphasized the importance of peace for development, prioritizing stability, economic growth, and cooperative partnerships. Under Trump’s administration, the US did not initiate any new wars. His 2019 visit to North Korea represented a significant diplomatic overture, and the Abraham Accords prioritized diplomatic and economic interests over potential conflict. Modi’s foreign policy, grounded in the philosophy of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (the world is one family), incorporates initiatives such as “Neighbourhood First,” “Act East,” and various strategic partnerships focused on economic diplomacy, multilateral cooperation, counterterrorism, and digital diplomacy.
Domestically, Trump’s anti-establishment rhetoric resonated with voters concerned about issues such as illegal immigration, healthcare costs, and the rising cost of living. His promises to bring back jobs to the US, his opposition to certain social issues, his emphasis on economic nationalism, and his stance on withdrawing from US-funded wars appealed to a significant segment of the population. Similarly, Modi’s narrative centered on his rise from a modest background, highlighting his understanding of the aspirations of the lower and middle classes, particularly in rural areas. His focus on economic development, inclusive growth (“sabka sath, sabka vikas, sabka vishwas, sabka prayas”), citizen empowerment (through initiatives like Swachh Bharat, Make in India, and Ayushman Bharat), and nationalism contributed to his widespread appeal.
Both leaders demonstrated remarkable resilience and perseverance throughout their careers, overcoming numerous challenges and persistent opposition. Both Trump and Modi faced similar criticisms from opposition groups and mainstream media, being labeled as authoritarian, divisive, nationalist (Modi as a Hindu nationalist, Trump as “America First”), polarizing, and challenging established norms. Both were frequently criticized by national and international media for their perceived anti-liberal and anti-socialist policies. Financial and corporate elites, including organizations such as George Soros’ Open Society Foundations, Google, and Facebook, often expressed opposition to both leaders’ nationalistic stances. Both also faced criticism from left-leaning academic circles.
Trump faced numerous controversies, including allegations of Russian interference, challenges to the 2020 election results, criticisms regarding his treatment of immigrants, and allegations of sexual misconduct and tax evasion. His policy changes, strained relationships with NATO allies, legal challenges, impeachment proceedings, and tariffs imposed on China and trade renegotiations also drew significant criticism. Despite these challenges, he secured the Republican nomination and won a second presidential term. Alleged assassination attempts further contributed to his image as a figure who actively challenges established power structures.
Modi’s career trajectory, from a relatively humble background to Chief Minister of Gujarat and then Prime Minister of India, was similarly marked by challenges, including early political setbacks and criticism related to the Gujarat communal riots. His tenure as Prime Minister included significant policy decisions such as retaliatory actions following the Pulwama attack, demonetization, the revocation of Article 370 in Jammu and Kashmir, the Citizenship Amendment Act, the construction of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya, and the criminalization of triple talaq. Despite opposition, Modi’s persistent pursuit of his vision for India’s development and his assertive presence on the global stage, coupled with strong economic policies, contributed to his continued political success.
Both leaders challenged the dominance of political dynasties. Modi actively sought to diminish the influence of the Gandhi family in Indian politics, while Trump successfully countered powerful political families such as the Bushes, Clintons, Cheneys, Obamas, and Bidens, and their supporting establishment.
Both Trump and Modi continue to pursue their agendas despite ongoing opposition, effectively utilizing their political narratives to maintain influence. Their willingness to take bold, sometimes controversial actions, while adhering to their core ideologies, has solidified their historical legacies.
Contrary to popular perception, both leaders’ policies are characterized by consistent pro-peace, “national interest first” agendas that prioritize development and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations, making their actions relatively predictable. This potentially facilitates negotiation and compromise. However, the relationship between Trump and Modi may undergo adjustments due to shifting global dynamics and potentially differing strategic priorities, despite their shared nationalist outlook. Some analysts predict potential challenges in balancing India-US relations regarding trade, H-1B visas, security cooperation, and international political issues.
In recent years, India’s global standing has significantly increased, particularly economically, becoming the fifth-largest economy. Under Modi’s leadership, India has demonstrated its global leadership capacity. Given the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and Israel-Gaza, and the US-China trade war, the US may seek to strengthen its relationship with India to support economic growth and cooperation. Trump’s stated friendship with Modi, along with his emphasis on protecting Hindu rights, might influence the direction of US-India relations. The alignment of Trump’s “Make America Great Again” agenda with Modi’s “Make in India” and “Viksit Bharat” visions presents both opportunities and challenges for bilateral trade, though cooperation is potentially beneficial for both nations. India’s improved global standing suggests its growing importance in the global economy, and future collaboration between Trump and Modi could potentially reshape the global landscape.
9–Polarization and Controversies**
– Both leaders have been polarizing figures in their nations, with ardent supporters and vocal critics.
– Modi faced criticism over his handling of communal tensions, particularly the Gujarat riots during his tenure as Chief Minister. Trump was similarly criticized for his response to racial tensions and his handling of events like the Charlottesville rally.
– Their policies, like Trump’s immigration ban and Modi’s Citizenship Amendment Act, sparked massive protests but also solidified their bases.
– *Quote*: “Leaders like Modi and Trump thrive on polarization, as it energizes their core supporters while drowning out dissenting voices.”
10–Electoral Strengths and Weaknesses**
– Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has consistently leveraged grassroots organization, much like Trump’s reliance on the Republican Party’s state-level machinery.
– Modi’s dominance has delivered multiple electoral victories, while Trump’s surprise 2016 victory showcased his ability to tap into voter discontent.
– However, both leaders face challenges in expanding their appeal beyond their core bases.
11–Foreign Policy**
Their foreign policies reflect a blend of pragmatism and assertiveness. Modi’s “Neighborhood First” policy and Trump’s “America First” approach prioritize national interests while engaging in strategic partnerships. Both leaders have sought to strengthen ties with key allies while taking a tough stance on adversaries.
The victory of Donald Trump and Narendra Modi is likely to have global ramifications, given their countries’ influence on international trade and finance, international security, social crusades and global power dynamics.
Modi and Trump have also successfully tapped into the deep sense of frustration and aspiration within the middle and lower classes. Their people-centric policies have made them champions of the common people, for example, during COVID-19 both signed multiple rounds of economic stimulus packages to provide relief for their citizens, their strong stance on border security and national security related to illegal immigration and terrorism, promoting local manufacturing by imposing import duties and building the real economy.
12–Challenges in Governance**
– Despite their successes, both leaders faced criticism over their governance.
– Modi has been criticized for the handling of issues like unemployment and the farmer protests, while Trump faced backlash for his administration’s COVID-19 response and impeachment trials.
– Both leaders’ critics argue that their focus on optics often outweighs substantive governance.
– *Quote*: “Even the most charismatic leaders cannot escape the scrutiny of governance when policies impact lives on the ground.”
13–Controversies and Criticisms**
Modi and Trump have faced significant controversies and criticisms. Modi’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic and Trump’s response to racial tensions in the U.S. have been points of contention. Both leaders have also been accused of undermining democratic institutions and norms.
14–Legacy and Future Trajectory**
– Both Modi and Trump have left an indelible mark on their nations’ politics, reshaping party ideologies and voter expectations.
– Modi continues to lead India with a strong majority, while Trump seeks a potential comeback in 2024, reflecting their enduring influence.
– *Quote*: “The legacies of Modi and Trump will be defined not just by their policies but by how they redefined leadership in the 21st century.”
15–Conclusion: A Friendship of Consequence**
The camaraderie between Modi and Trump has set a precedent for India-U.S. relations, characterized by mutual economic interests and shared strategic goals. Their friendship was notably showcased during events like “Howdy Modi!” and “Namaste Trump,” which highlighted their personal rapport alongside political alignment. As they navigate complex global challenges together, the parallels in their leadership styles suggest that both leaders will continue to influence each other’s domestic policies while reinforcing nationalist sentiments within their countries.
As one observer aptly puts it, “Their courage to take bold, sometimes controversial actions… has solidified their places in history”. The ongoing relationship between Modi and Trump will likely shape not only their nations but also the broader geopolitical landscape in the years ahead.
Narendra Modi and Donald Trump’s political journeys underline the growing prominence of populist leaders in modern democracies. Their appeal lies in their ability to connect with voters at an emotional level, promise transformative change, and disrupt traditional politics. While their tenures have sparked intense debates, their impact on global politics is undeniable. As their trajectories continue to evolve, their parallels remain a topic of global intrigue.
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Both exhibit remarkable courage and persistence in their political journeys and their ability to resurrect their careers or maintain significant influence. There is a striking similarity in the attack on Trump and Modi by the opposition of their respective countries and the mainstream media. The opposition has labelled them as dictators, a threat to the Constitution, divisive, nationalist (Modi as a Hindu nationalist and Trump as “America First”), polarising, fascist, and challenging the established norms. National and international mainstream media has been a bit harsh on both due to their anti-liberal, anti-socialist, and people-centric approach. The financial and corporate elites, including organisations like George Soros’ Open Society Foundations, Google, and Facebook, have often been at odds with both Trump and Modi due to their nationalistic stances. They both are unpopular with the left-dominated academia and their win leading to the left-wing liberal meltdown due to later’s intellectually misplaced arrogance.
